Zybooks Is Bad, Solanki Caste Category In Rajasthan, Articles E

Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Brain Res Rev. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Behav Brain Res. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. 2006;27:11926. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. 2014;53:22230. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. 2010;86:37683. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. 2010;1347:17985. 2012;21:6209. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Bioelectromagnetics. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Xiong et al. Neuroscience. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Neuroreport. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. 2006;27:295306. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Cosquer et al. Google Scholar. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;31:25074. Neuroreport. Dasdag et al. Phot J. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. CAS 2014;12:75. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Military Medical Research [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. 2010;3:4650. 2010;473:525. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Lai et al. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Bull Exp Biol Med. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Wang et al. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. 2014;8:63. 1992;6:379. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Cookies policy. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. 2001;93:2037. Harris KM. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. 1999;9:3438. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. 2002;5:18995. PubMed Bioelectromagnetics. J Electromagnet Anal. PubMed Central Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Int J Radiat Biol. J Neurosci. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Dasdag et al. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. 2014;9:e95503. Synapse. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Qiao et al. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Thus, Cosquer et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. 2012;62:22336. 2008;22:9927. Bioelectromagnetics. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. 2008;169:3845. 2003;80:177. Google Scholar. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2004;996:8996. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. 2006;79:13140. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Privacy Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. 1992;114:16202. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. However,. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Article 2005;130:591600. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Neurol Sci. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Wang Q, Cao Z. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Gold PE. Curr Opin Neurobiol. The conclusions are shown in Table3. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. 2007;210:63544. J Pharm Sci. Physiol Behav. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Int J Radiat Biol. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency.